Peruke Maker

In the 18th century, wig-making was an essential craft, and the peruke maker was at the heart of this trend. A peruke maker, or a wig maker, crafted elaborate wigs for both men and women, which were status symbols during this era. These wigs were especially fashionable in Europe, where they played a crucial role in society and culture.

The trade of peruke making wasn’t just about style; it was also a response to practical needs like covering hair loss and maintaining hygiene. Men of all social classes wore wigs, which made the profession of peruke makers widespread and respected. The demand for their skill was particularly high in places like Colonial Williamsburg, where public appearances often required people to look their best.

Though the occupation has mostly faded away, some historical sites still celebrate this unique craft. Exploring the world of the peruke maker offers a fascinating insight into history, fashion, and social customs that defined an era. The story of these artisans reveals the intricate connection between personal appearance and societal standing in the past.

Historical Context

The craft of peruke making found its roots centuries ago and gained significant traction in Europe. Wig making became central to fashion in elite circles, before eventually losing its appeal due to changing tastes.

Origins of Wig Making

Wig making dates back to ancient times, with its origins traceable to Egypt where wigs were worn for both fashion and practical reasons, such as sun protection. Over the centuries, specialized craftspeople called peruke makers emerged in Europe. By the 17th century, wigs were crafted to show social status and wealth. They required skilled labor for their intricate designs, often made from human or animal hair. As the craft evolved, peruke makers became highly respected for their attention to detail and artistry.

Popularity in European Courts

During the 17th and 18th centuries, wigs rose to immense popularity, especially in the courts of France and England. Figures like King Louis XIII and King Charles II used wigs to cover hair loss, setting trends for fashion at court. Nobles followed suit, leading to elaborate styles that signified status and elegance. Wigs became more than accessories; they were elaborate displays of wealth. Courts were often abuzz with the latest styles and innovations from master wig makers. This demand propelled wig making to new heights, making it a sought-after skill.

Decline and Obsolescence

The late 18th century saw a decline in wig wearing, driven largely by the French Revolution and changing fashion trends favoring more natural looks. The wigs symbolized the opulence and excess of the aristocracy, leading to a shift away from their use. With the rise of new hairstyles, the demand for peruke makers decreased significantly. By the 19th century, wigs were mostly relegated to certain professions and cultural settings, such as legal environments. This transition marked the end of wig making as a widespread occupation, rendering the craft nearly obsolete.

Roles and Responsibilities

Peruke makers were skilled artisans in the 18th century, involved in crafting wigs, performing custom fittings, and ensuring their maintenance and repair. Their work required precision and an understanding of fashion trends of their time.

Crafting and Materials

Peruke makers specialized in creating wigs from materials like human hair, horsehair, and wool. They selected materials carefully to match clients’ needs and social status. Human hair was often preferred for its natural look, making wigs more realistic.

The crafting process involved shaping the wig base, called the foundation, using a mesh or textile. Hair was then attached to the foundation through knotting or sewing. This required dexterity and patience. Each wig was unique, influenced by trends and customer preferences. Peruke makers had to keep up with styles, using their skills to deliver fashionable and functional pieces.

Custom Fitting and Adjustments

A significant part of a peruke maker’s role was custom fitting. Each client had unique needs, so makers would measure heads to ensure a snug and comfortable fit. Custom fittings ensured that wigs looked natural and stayed in place during wear.

Adjustments were common, as individuals might require modifications due to changes in hairstyle or wear over time. The peruke maker would tailor the wig, trimming or adding hair as necessary. This personalized attention was important in building client trust and satisfaction, highlighting the peruke maker’s expertise in hair fashion and functionality.

Maintenance and Repairs

Peruke makers also offered maintenance and repair services. Regular cleaning was crucial to keep wigs looking their best, using gentle techniques to preserve hair quality. Conditioning and styling would be included to keep wigs vibrant and fresh.

Repairs included fixing damaged areas, replacing lost hair, or reinforcing the foundation. Wear and tear were common, so these services were vital for prolonging the life of the wigs. With specific tools and skills, peruke makers ensured that wigs remained in excellent condition, providing a long-lasting product for their clients.

Tools of the Trade

Peruke makers, also known as wig makers, used a variety of tools to craft wigs that were popular during the 18th century. These artisans relied on their skills and instruments to create wigs that varied in design and function. Here we explore early hair processing methods, the advancements in wig making, and the accessory tools they used in their craft.

Early Hair Processing Techniques

In the early stages of wig making, hair had to be carefully cleaned and prepared. Peruke makers often started by separating and washing the hair, ensuring it was free of dirt and oils. This process was crucial as it determined the quality and appearance of the final product.

Once cleaned, hair was dyed according to fashion demands. Natural dyes were used to achieve various shades. After dyeing, the hair was curled or straightened using hot irons. These irons were heated over open flames and required great skill to achieve the desired effect without burning the hair.

Advancements in Wig Making

As the demand for wigs grew, so did the innovations in wig making. By the late 18th century, new techniques made wig production more efficient. Peruke makers began experimenting with different wig styles to appeal to diverse clientele.

The introduction of linings made from materials like silk and cotton improved comfort. These linings provided a base that helped wigs fit securely on the wearer’s head. The sewing techniques also advanced, with more durable threads and needles being used to construct wigs. These improvements allowed wigs to retain their shape and made them more robust for daily wear.

Accessory Instruments

The craft of wig making involved several accessory instruments. Curling rods and hot tongs were essential in styling wigs with intricate curls. These tools allowed for precise control over the hair’s shape.

Combs and brushes were used to detangle and style the wigs. Peruke makers also relied on mannequin heads to model and display the wigs during the crafting process. Additionally, scissors and razors were crucial for trimming and shaping the final product. Such tools ensured that each wig was customized to the desires of the client, offering a personal touch.

Social and Cultural Impact

In the 18th century, wigs were more than just a fashion statement. They held social and cultural significance that influenced both the wearer and society as a whole. The symbolism behind wigs was powerful, and their role in fashion trends was undeniable. Today, their influence can still be seen in modern hairstyling practices.

Symbolism of Wigs

Wigs during the 18th century were a symbol of status and class. Wearing a well-crafted wig implied wealth and importance. Aristocrats and prominent figures used them to distinguish themselves and assert their social standing. The quality and style of a wig could communicate a lot about a person’s rank.

Different styles carried different meanings. For example, larger and more elaborate wigs were often worn by those in high societal roles. Additionally, wigs were sometimes used in professions such as law, to signify authority and expertise.

Wigs in Fashion Trends

Wigs became a central piece in the fashion world during the 1700s. Men and women from all walks of life, especially during special occasions, adorned wigs to embody elegance and style. The trends varied greatly over time, with changes in length, color, and styling methods.

Fashionable wigs often required the expertise of peruke makers to achieve the desired look. These craftsmen created sophisticated designs that matched the ever-evolving trends. Over time, wigs gained popularity even among the so-called “common folk,” showcasing their widespread appeal across cultures.

Influence on Modern Hairstyling

Today’s hairstyles still reflect the creativity and influence of 18th-century wigs. Styles like curls and the use of hair extensions can be traced back to this era. Modern hairstylists often draw inspiration from the past, creating contemporary looks with a nod to classical styles.

The wig industry has grown tremendously, with wigs being used not only for fashion but also in film, theater, and personal expression. The innovations and trends from the 18th century have paved the way for today’s diverse hairstyling options, ensuring the legacy of the peruke maker lives on.

Training and Skills

Peruke makers of the 18th century required specific training and skills to master the art of wig making. This involved a structured apprenticeship, evolving skillsets, and an emphasis on artistry and precision.

Apprenticeship Programs

Becoming a peruke maker often started with an apprenticeship. Young apprentices, typically around the age of 14, would learn under a master wig maker. This could last several years, during which they would acquire basic to advanced skills in wig construction. The program would cover everything from handling materials to creating complex designs. Apprentices also learned customer interaction, measuring heads, and understanding preferences. Through this process, they gained valuable hands-on experience and established a foundation for a lifetime career in wig making.

Skillset Evolution

As fashion trends evolved, so did the skills needed by peruke makers. They adapted to changing styles, such as the transformation from large, elaborate wigs to more natural-looking designs. This required a keen sense of style and an ability to quickly learn new techniques. Mastering these adjustments was crucial to remain competitive in the industry. Peruke makers often participated in workshops and informal gatherings to share techniques and innovations. This exchange of knowledge allowed them to refine their craft continually.

Artistry and Precision

The work of a peruke maker was not just technical but also highly artistic. Creating a wig required meticulous attention to detail. Each strand of hair had to be placed precisely to achieve the desired look. This involved an artistic eye to visualize the final product and the technical skill to execute it flawlessly. Wig makers often experimented with various materials and colors to enhance their creations. The ability to blend creativity with precision distinguished master wig makers from their peers, making their work highly sought after by the fashion-conscious of the time.

Notable Peruke Makers

One famous peruke maker from the 18th century was Richard Arkwright. He worked in Bolton with Edward Pollit, who taught him the craft. After Pollit’s death, Arkwright continued in the trade and expanded his skills. His career didn’t stop there; he also became an influential figure in the Industrial Revolution.

In Colonial Williamsburg, there were about 50 men who practiced as both barbers and peruke makers. They served the needs of men, and sometimes women, ensuring everyone was fashionable. During Publick Times when the courts were in session, it was especially important for men of all classes to look their best.

Master Betty Myers and journeywoman Debbie Turpin operated a well-known peruke and wig maker’s shop. This shop, originally owned by George Charlton, was among several in Williamsburg offering essential hair services. They provided services such as shaving and wig making with exceptional skill and dedication.

Peruke makers played a vital role in maintaining the stylish looks of the era. The transition of “peruke maker” to the simpler “wig maker” shows how the trade evolved over time. Their craft might seem outdated now, but their influence during their peak years was undeniable.